Spatial Patterns of ‘?hi‘a Mortality Associated with Rapid ‘?hi‘a Death and Ungulate Presence
نویسندگان
چکیده
Effective forest management, particularly during disturbance events, requires timely and accurate monitoring information at appropriate spatial scales. In Hawai‘i, widespread ‘?hi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud.) mortality associated with introduced fungal pathogens affects stands across the archipelago, further impacting native ecosystems already under threat from invasive species. Here, we share results an integrated program based on high resolution (<5 cm) aerial imagery, field sampling, confirmatory laboratory testing to detect monitor individual tree level four representative sites Hawai‘i island. We developed a custom imaging system for helicopter operations map thousands of hectares (ha) per flight, more useful scale than ten hundreds ha typically covered using small, unoccupied systems. Based collected rating canopy condition identify trees suspected infection by responsible rapid death (ROD); used this quickly generate suspect candidate locations partner agencies rapidly new outbreaks prioritize sampling efforts. three sites, 98% samples assigned confidence (n = 50) 89% those medium 117) returned positive detections ROD. The fourth site, which has history unexplained mortality, exhibited much lower detection rates: only 6% sampled 16) 0% 20) were found be pathogen. disparity in rates study illustrates challenges definitively determine cause imagery alone. Spatial patterns ROD-associated strongly affected ungulate presence or absence as measured density ROD fenced (i.e., ungulate-free) unfenced present) areas. Suspected densities neighboring areas containing ungulates two 69 times greater ungulate-free zones. one fence line breach occurred period, feral entered area that was previously ungulate-free. Following breach, rose 0.02 2.78 trees/ha, highlighting need control protect Ceratocystis-induced repeat changes resource threats.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Forests
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1999-4907']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f12081035